Turns out I managed to use almost all of these during a refactor of a project at work, even metaclasses... (Metaclass usage is justified in my case: we have a sort of language evaluator and using a metaclass lets us define function arguments with their types and validators in a very coincise and obvious way similar to Pydantic.)
I think this list should also include descriptors[0]: it's another metaprogramming feature that allows running code when accessing or setting class attributes similar to @property but more powerful. (edit: nvm, I saw that they are covered in the proxy properties section!)
I think the type system is quite good actually, even if you end up having to sidestep it when doing this kind of meta-programming. The errors I do get are generally the library's fault (old versions of SQLAlchemy make it impossible to assign types anywhere...) and there's a few gotchas (like mutable collections being invariant, so if you take a list as an argument you may have to type it as `Sequence[]` or you'll get type errors) but it's functional and makes the language usable for me.
I stopped using Ruby because upstream would not commit on type checking (yes I know you have a few choices if you want typing, but they're a bit too much overhead for what I usually use Ruby for, which is writing scripts), and I'm glad Python is committing here.
I think this list should also include descriptors[0]: it's another metaprogramming feature that allows running code when accessing or setting class attributes similar to @property but more powerful. (edit: nvm, I saw that they are covered in the proxy properties section!)
I think the type system is quite good actually, even if you end up having to sidestep it when doing this kind of meta-programming. The errors I do get are generally the library's fault (old versions of SQLAlchemy make it impossible to assign types anywhere...) and there's a few gotchas (like mutable collections being invariant, so if you take a list as an argument you may have to type it as `Sequence[]` or you'll get type errors) but it's functional and makes the language usable for me.
I stopped using Ruby because upstream would not commit on type checking (yes I know you have a few choices if you want typing, but they're a bit too much overhead for what I usually use Ruby for, which is writing scripts), and I'm glad Python is committing here.
[0]: https://docs.python.org/3/howto/descriptor.html