In practice fraud and file-drawer effects observed (estimated from all the large N replication projects that have sprung up) are much less common than what the replication crisis headlines imply, a lot of it seems to simply be that in practice a "null hypothesis" is better understood as a continuous distribution because the null model doesn't match reality perfectly. See "The replication crisis is not a crisis of false positives" Coleman et al 2024, https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/rkyf7