> I definitely heard it used to literally mean only the kernel. Circa 20 years ago and earlier.
You may have, but it was a nonstandard usage. Even your 2004 Wikipedia article distinguishes between OS and kernel. Userland is certainly part of it.
AmigaDOS, 1991, manual p22: "Each AmigaDOS process represents a particular process of the operating system— for example, the filing system [...] AmigaDOS provides a process that you can use, called a Command Line Interface or Shell. (https://archive.org/details/1991-baker-jesup-et-al-the-amiga...)
You may have, but it was a nonstandard usage. Even your 2004 Wikipedia article distinguishes between OS and kernel. Userland is certainly part of it.
AmigaDOS, 1991, manual p22: "Each AmigaDOS process represents a particular process of the operating system— for example, the filing system [...] AmigaDOS provides a process that you can use, called a Command Line Interface or Shell. (https://archive.org/details/1991-baker-jesup-et-al-the-amiga...)
MS-DOS 6.22 (1994) concise user's guide consistently refers to the entire thing including command.com as the operating system (the kernel here is named msdos.sys.) (https://ia801204.us.archive.org/33/items/msdos_manual_622/ms...)
Hell, the whole Linux vs GNU/Linux thing, which has been around since 1992 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy), was explicitly about the fact that "Linux" is just the name of the kernel.