It is mathematically impossible for a proper hash function (one with an output range smaller than its input range) to not have collisions. The proof uses the Pigeon Hole Principle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle
I guess I've never actually had this problem because was always hashing things that were static, or specialty cases like password hashes where the salt obviously guarantees uniqueness.
It's very very unlikely to get collisions there, but still not impossible. Whenever you map data of arbitrary length (infinite possibilities) to a limited length collisions are possible.
Let's consider a hash table with an allocation of 1MB, which is about 2^20 bytes. Assume also that each entry occupies a byte. Assuming that the hash function's values are distributed randomly, the probability of there being a collision with only 1000 entries is approximately 38% = 1-(2^20)!/(2^20 - 1000)!/(2^20)^1000. See the "Birthday Problem".
padding with zeroes to a fixed length and prepending the original length would suffice, but you’d have to have a fixed length of double infinity to account for both the length information and the hash information, and the hash is less efficient than the original information.
Since I haven't actually read the article I'm just going to note that the title obviously wasn't cryptic enough to get me to take action on it; I'm not saying this to brag, the brag is totally accidental like.
>I guess dying because you think you’re going to impress’s a mate and stay alive is quite common.
based on my memory of readings in the matter I don't think so, most animal species "impress a mate" is either
1. do mating ritual better than others
2. actually directly compete with rival who has mate to win mate.
In the second more rare scenario the actually directly compete with rival tends to be very ritualized, and thus when you lose you don't actually get significantly hurt.
In the ritualized combat for mates some species have evolved to points in which accidents become a major problem, for example Stags locking antlers in combat for does.
Obviously this is a scenario where you want to impress and stay alive but it doesn't work out, but it is relatively rare in the species that has evolved antlers to the point where it happens, and it is rare for species to have similar problems, generally the one who loses these competitions does not die, they just assume a lower status.
So all that said the human tactic of Bob, hold my beer while I impress Cindy by riding this croc, is a pretty rare tactic for getting a mate.
that's true, but among humans the "impressing a girl" pattern seems to be more open ended as to how you will do it, and thus you end up with croc-riding accidents at times.
I once tried to rappel off the side of an apartment building using a garden hose I stole from the building so I could get into my apartment that I was locked out of because my roommate had gone away for the weekend, this was not to impress a girl, it was to get changed to go to the club to meet a girl. I'm also afraid of heights.
Luckily the apartment manager came driving up at the right time, probably saving my life.
lots of modern comedy revolves around people who should know better being petty little jerks and doing stupid things that actually don't cause any real damage but just makes everybody wonder "why is this idiot such a pathetic asshole?!?"
The industrial revolution is generally understood to have started somewhere around 1760, Moby Dick took place in approximately 1830, about 10 years before what some historians mark as the end of the agrarian to Industrial shift that is generally termed the Industrial revolution
I get sort of wishy-washy from 1830 on, because lots of people put the end of the Industrial revolution as being 1900, but 1840 is a defensible and commonly held position.
I believe running out of trees was always a local issue - there weren't enough trees where you were at because getting trees had to be gotten locally, you didn't go get trees from far away. So yes that was in constant tension, the thing is that the problem of having enough trees turned from a local problem to a global problem, with the side effects of not having enough trees globally that the world needed to maintain the environment humanity first conquered.
I think the natural world was nearly infinitely abundant is a reasonable description, resource depletion was always local before mass industrialization. Being able to exploit the world as opposed to just your local area is also a mark of efficiency.
By local you mean over 5 thousand of miles? Because yes moving wood was always in competition with growing it locally. But pine forests in the far north were untouched because of the low quality of the lumber they produce not the distances involved. All of Africa Europe and Asia ran out of the most valuable natural lumber a fucking long time ago.
> I think the natural world was nearly infinitely abundant is a reasonable description
Very little of the world’s woodland was untouched at the time of the Industrial Revolution and forests in the Americas survived as long as they did largely due to disease drastically reducing native populations. But American forests were on the clock independent from industrial development. I’m not sure exactly your counter argument even is here.
We still can’t reasonably extract most resources from the ocean bottom. That’s ~70% of the world’s mineral wealth just off the table.
So sure we are very slightly better at extracting resources but on the absolute scale it really isn’t that significant pre vs post Industrial Revolution compared to the sum total of human history.
maybe, "local" is a function of a lot of things, it is only fairly recently in human history that the "global" functions the way that "local" did centuries ago, meaning that it is cheap enough to source things from across the world that it does not need to be made in the next village.
>> I think the natural world was nearly infinitely abundant is a reasonable description
>Very little of the world’s woodland was untouched at the time of the Industrial Revolution and forests in the Americas survived as long as they did largely due to disease drastically reducing native populations.
things seemed appeared abundant prior to one event, soon after that event the thing no longer appears abundant, there's a correlation is the point, not a causation, but
>American forests were on the clock independent from industrial development.
sure, the Native Americans would have used up their forests if they had kept growing and not been killed off by disease brought by Europeans. Nonetheless they had been killed off, the world appeared infinite, because all you needed to do when you ran out of wood in one place is go to another place to source it, hurray, but now that is no longer the case. We have ran out of places to go get more wood.
As noted I said I felt the phrase "the natural world was nearly infinitely abundant" uttered by the original poster in this subthread is a reasonable description, and I mean obviously that is dependent on the impressions of the people of the time, and from my readings it seems like this was more the feeling than oh noes, we are running out of wood.
Although we got into a side track on wood, because that is what the first response to the OP was, that wood was always a problem, which that some natural resources were constrained still does not really disprove the phrase "the natural world was nearly infinitely abundant" since the word nearly can be seen as a cheat, and really what it means is that the world felt infinitely abundant at one time now it does not.
>We still can’t reasonably extract most resources from the ocean bottom. That’s ~70% of the world’s mineral wealth just off the table.
see, it sounds like you still feel like it is closer to infinitely abundant than dangerously used up. All we need to do is up our extraction game, at least were minerals are concerned.
NOTE: I think maybe the world feeling infinitely abundant thing is actually an American thing, this has been remarked by others in the past, that the first European settlers felt this was a world that had not been touched because in comparison to Europe it was under-exploited in many areas, it was big and had everything, and there is a whole part of American frontier myth that as soon as one area got settled and used up all you had to do was to pack up your stuff and move west and get a bunch of resources to use up, like locusts, or maybe just colonizers.
In this case the OP's idea of writing this up is that really what they are dealing with is not how the world was - infinitely abundant - but how it felt to people coming from one overly exploited area to an under-exploited one. They believe there is a narrative of economic constraints and results playing out, and that the two situations were analogous, but the source of the analogy - the world before the industrial revolution - was perhaps not as the analogy would have it but really how a memetic framework of exploration and conquest had interpreted the world.
Sorry my note went overly long, but that sometimes happens when I write what I think just as I'm thinking it.
the future is already in Detroit, and it's been there for a while. It's getting distributed to the rest of the U.S now. It might be that going through the collapse to the other side is the quickest way forward, if so Detroit is already further along than the rest.
This is good, I found another one to express what I was feeling.
We are here, We are waiting.
- Optimus prime.
My interpretation is that everyone no matter how bad things look from outside has hope/seeds of hope which are just waiting for the right conditions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJszUl1EI4A (I also feel like, the ending of this movie/transformers was one of the best movies and the ending still gives me goosebumps in hope for future)
I get why technically it is a hash function, but still, no.
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